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2022 Vol. 43, No. 8
Published: 2022-08-28
 
973 An Enhanced SOLR Calibration Method
WU Ai-hua,WANG Yi-bang,HUO Ye,LIANG Fa-guo,LIU Chen,LUAN Peng,CHEN Xiao-hua,WANG Hai
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.01
An enhanced SOLR(eSOLR) calibration method for solving the 8-term errors model in an on-wafer test system is introduced. The proposed new method requires one undefined Thru, two pairs of undefined symmetrical Reflects (Open-Open and Short-Short) and a pair of known Loads. 8-term error terms are derived in detail. Calibration comparison method was carried out between commercial calibration methods and eSOLR. The result showed that eSOLR was more accuracy than SOLT and LRRM. The calibration method has been tested on a mismatched attenuator for the frequency range between 0.2GHz and 110GHz. Compared with the existing calibration methods, the new method shows the attenuator’s S11 is more consecutive and S21 more closer to the Multiline TRL.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 973-978 [Abstract] ( 280 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2450 KB)  ( 286 )
979 Method for Definition Parameters of On-Wafer Calibration Standards
HUO Ye,WU Ai-hua,WANG Yi-bang,LUAN Peng,LIU Chen,LIANG Fa-guo,SUN Jing,ZHAGN Li-fei
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.02
In order to solve the problem of inaccurate test results caused by deviation of parameter values after long time use of on-wafer calibration standards. Aiming at the equivalent circuit model of on-wafer calibration standards, a parameter determination method is proposed. The values of characteristic impedance, open capacitance, short inductance, load resistance and inductance, thru delay and loss are determined by measuring the s-parameters, length, and resistance of the on-wafer calibration standards. The test analysis is carried out with defined on-wafer calibration standards in the frequency range of 100MHz~67GHz. The results show that the test results of the on-wafer calibration standards after re-setting are closer to the actual values of the DUT than the factory values.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 979-983 [Abstract] ( 194 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (974 KB)  ( 147 )
984 Broadband Dielectric Constant Extraction Method Based on Coplanar Waveguide Transmission Line
XU Sen-feng,ZHAO Wei
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.03
A broadband method of extracting dielectric constant of low-loss materials based on coplanar waveguide transmission line is introduced. Fabricated five transmission lines as test sample and measured the raw data by vector network analyzer. After calculating the propagation constant from measurements of five line lengths based on multiline TRL apply an analytic CPW model to extract the broadband dielectric material properties of the substrate material GaAs from 0.1GHz to 50GHz.Contrast to conventional resonator measurement method with single frequency test and complex construct, the proposed method can make continuous broadband test with more efficient. The results show excellent agreement between these two methods, the difference is within ±2.5%, and meet the need of engineering design.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 984-988 [Abstract] ( 224 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2319 KB)  ( 535 )
989 The Influence of Both Data Number and Signal Cycles to the Sinusoidal Parameter’s Error in Sine-Fit Method
LIANG Zhi-guo
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.04
Aiming at the influence of measurement conditions on the error of the curve-fit parameters by the sine fitting method, a study on the fitting error bounds is carried out. The selected condition variables are the A/D bits number, the signals amplitude, the number of signal cycles in sampling sequence, the initial phase, the DC bias, and the number of data points in sampling sequence. The error bounds search is carried out in the dual condition combination method, and the error of curve-fit parameters via the changes of different conditions is obtained, both the significant influence and the insignificant influence are screened out. Through the study of the influence of the number of A/D bits, the number of signals cycles in sequence, and the number of data points, some laws has been carried out, and the significant law that the error boundary showing the characteristics of the quantization step has been obtained, and the estimation of the boundary point of the quantization step has been obtained by empirical formula. The result can be used to estimate the error and uncertainty of the sine-fit parameters, and can also be used to select the measurement conditions under the fitting error and uncertainty.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 989-1000 [Abstract] ( 200 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (6679 KB)  ( 184 )
1001 An Inclination Measurement of Forgings Based on Laser Ranging Principle
WANG Yong-da,ZHANG Yun-gang,HU Rui,NI Nan,Li Lin-ying
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.05
A measurement method based on laser ranging principle was proposed to detect inclination of forgings.Firstly, laser displacement sensors were used to collect forging surface information, and an outlier detection method based on regression analysis was adopted to judge and to eliminate outliers.Then, the obtained distance information was converted into coordinate information by coordinate transformation method, and the direct least square method was used to fit discrete points for obtaining elliptic curve.Finally, the three-dimensional linear equation of central axis of forging was obtained by fitting multiple elliptical center points in the vertical direction, and inclination angle of forging was calculated by linear equation.According to experimental results, the measurement errors are less than 0.1°.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1001-1007 [Abstract] ( 220 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3089 KB)  ( 168 )
1008 Research on Focusing Method of High Numerical Aperture Objective Lens in Tip-enhanced Raman System
SUN Xiao-shuang,GAO Si-tian,HUANG Lu,ZHU Min-hao,LIU Lin-wei
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.06
In order to improve the focusing accuracy and efficiency of tip-enhanced Raman system(TERS), an automatic focusing method is proposed by analyzing the pixel value of the spot image captured by CCD camera.Fast coarse focusing to narrow the focusing range, and then slow fine focusing to improve the focusing accuracy.The experimental results show that, compared with Tenengrad evaluation function, the variance evaluation function is more suitable for automatic focusing of tip-enhanced Raman system.When focusing on the sample surface, the unbiased estimation variance of focusing result is less than 0.25 μm, which has high repeatability and robustness.Fast coarse focusing can improve the focusing efficiency and avoid falling into the local optimal solution.The curve of slow fine focusing evaluation function presents an “M” shape near the focus, which can be adjusted by quadratic fitting to improve the focusing accuracy.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1008-1014 [Abstract] ( 178 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2086 KB)  ( 250 )
1015 Blade Profile Profile Error Evaluation Based on Improved ICP Algorithm
LU Heng,XU Xu-song,WANG Shu-gang,WANG hao
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.07
To address the problem of poor registration precision of traditional iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm, an improved ICP algorithm was proposed.First, a new type line data registration method based on vector alignment was used, considering that the measured data of CMM show orderly array and one-to-one correspondence.Secondly, based on the traditional ICP algorithm, non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve fitting was carried out for the registration data, and then the adaptive particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to further accurately register the measurement data.Finally, the evaluation method of blade profile error based on the minimum region was used to evaluate the accuracy.Experimental results show that, compared with the traditional ICP algorithm, the improved method can further converge on the original convergence value, and the contour error is reduced by 28.57%.This method can effectively improve the accuracy of the evaluation of blade profile error and provide a reliable basis for the evaluation of blade machining quality.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1015-1020 [Abstract] ( 193 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1637 KB)  ( 218 )
1021 Calibration and Uncertainty Evaluation of Fluorescence Quantum Efficiency Absolute Measurement System
JIA Zhi-li,BU Tian-jia,YAO Ya-xuan,REN Ling-ling
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.08
The quantum efficiency of fluorescence is the ratio of photons emitted and absorbed, and is the key parameter to characterize the properties of fluorescent materials. However, if the optical path and detector used for absolute measurement of fluorescence quantum efficiency are not calibrated and traced back or the calibration method is not correct, it will cause the inaccurate measurement spectrum and further cause the inaccurate calculation results of fluorescence quantum efficiency. The mercury argon lamp is used to calibrate the monochromator to ensure the accuracy of excitation wavelength and emission wavelength. The standard radiation source is used to calibrate the spectral relative intensity of the light path, the monochromators of the emission unit and the detector, which ensures the accuracy of the spectral relative intensity of the excitation band and the emission band. Finally, the uncertainty of measurement is analyzed based on the measurement model, the results show that the relative standard uncertainty is 3.58%, the relative expanded uncertainty is 7.16%,k=2 in the excitation band of 300~360nm and the emission band of 370~900nm. By calibrating the monochromators and the spectral relative intensity, it can provide a reference for the accurate measurement of fluorescence quantum efficiency.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1021-1026 [Abstract] ( 237 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1261 KB)  ( 622 )
1027 Quantum-inspired Collaborative Edge Filtering of Electron Microscope Images
CUI Fa-yi
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.09
According to characteristics of the coronavirus electron microscope image and the comprehensive processing requirements of contour extraction, target detection and noise suppression, the quantum-inspired edge filtering mechanism and collaborative strategy are studied.Starting from double qubit state representation of pixel and quantum measurement result inspection, the framework and implementation route of quantum-inspired collaborative edge filtering are constructed, combined with force field transform and quantum-inspired median filtering.The collaborative strategies and fusion effects in the edge filtering framework are analyzed experimentally, and the effectiveness of quantum measurement result inspection methods is verified comparatively.The experimental results show that electron microscope images of coronavirus have improved the quality conditions for morphological analysis after being processed by quantum-inspired collaborative edge filtering.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1027-1035 [Abstract] ( 219 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (4865 KB)  ( 162 )
1036 A New Type of Optical Fiber Sensor for Multi-Phase Detection in Petroleum Production
CHEN Ji-liang,KONG De-ming,HAO Hu,KONG De-han,LIU Guo-quan,KONG Ling-fu
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.10
In order to solve the problem of multi-phase detection in oil production, a new type of dual-receiving fiber sensor (NDR-FOP) for multi-phase detection was developed. A model of dual-receiver ring coupling optical path (DR-RCOP) was constructed using the ZEMAX ray tracing method. The mathematical description and simulation analysis of the light transmission trajectory through the NDR-FOP cone-shaped sensor were carried out. The performance of NDR-FOP multi-phase detection in oil-gas-water multi-phase flow mixed-phase media was also evaluated based on the above research results and it was test on an experimental platform. Simulation and experiment results show that the difference eigenvalues between oil, gas and water media form a clear distance, which proves that the NDR-FOP multi-phase detection is feasible and effective.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1036-1043 [Abstract] ( 226 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (4948 KB)  ( 286 )
1044 Image Reconstruction Based on Robust Regularized Extreme Learning Machine for Electrical Capacitance Tomography
ZHANG Li-feng,DAI Li
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.11
Image reconstruction of electrical capacitance tomography is a nonlinear and ill-posed inverse problem. Robust regularized extreme learning machine combined with iterative reweighted least squares is proposed for the image reconstruction of electrical capacitance tomography. Oil/gas two-phase flow is selected as research object, and the randomly distribution flow regimes are obtained using finite element simulation. RELM-IRLS network is trained, and the reconstructed images are compared with Landweber iterative algorithm and extreme learning machine algorithm. The average error of the test set of the RELM-IRLS algorithm is reduced by 4.6% compared with extreme learning machine algorithm. Simulation and static experiment results show that the quality of the reconstructed images is improved obviously using RELM-IRLS algorithm, which also has good generalization ability.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1044-1049 [Abstract] ( 240 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2098 KB)  ( 254 )
1050 International Comparison of Pitot Tube for Nulling Method
YANG Mei-zhao, ZHANG Liang, FANG Li-de, WANG Chi
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.12
In order to verify the consistency of the calibration coefficients of S-type pitot tube, spherical 3D pitot tube and prismatic 3D pitot tube used for on-site flue flow measurement, the National Institute of Metrology(NIM) led the calibration comparison of pitot tube with the participation of National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) and Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science(KRISS). The results showed that the consistence of S-type pitot tube in different laboratories was relatively poor, so it was not suitable to be used as a comparison standard instrument. The results of spherical 3D pitot tube in different laboratories were more consistent than that of prism 3D pitot tube, the influence of velocity calibration coefficient difference on axial velocity is higher than that of yaw angle reference position error and pitch angle calibration coefficient difference, the difference of axial velocity caused by the yaw angle reference position error and the difference of pitch angle calibration coefficient is 0.03%~0.9%, and the difference of axial velocity caused by the difference of velocity calibration coefficient is 1.9%~12.2%.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1050-1057 [Abstract] ( 243 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3103 KB)  ( 512 )
1058 Correction of Center of Gravity Measurement Error of Multi-point Weighing Method
WANG Mei-bao,ZHANG Xiao-lin,CHEN Li,YU Xiao,ZHANG Qi-yuan
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.13
In order to improve the accuracy of center of gravity measurement by multi-point weighing method, a method of correcting coordinates of load cells by using the total least squares method was proposed. Firstly, the principle of measuring center of gravity by multi-point weighing method and the main factors which affect the center of gravity measurement result were analyzed. Secondly, the method by using a standard samples centroid as the conventional truth value of the center of gravity to correct the coordinates of load cells was proposed. Again, a standard sample was measured more than five times by making it lay on different places. In the above position, a laser tracker was used to measure centroid coordinates of the standard sample, and convert the results to the measurement coordinate system, then the coordinates of the load cells were calculated by the total least squares method. Finally, another standard sample was measured to verify the method proposed. The experimental results show that the center of gravity measurement error is within 0.1mm, which means that the proposed method to correct the coordinates of the load cells is effective.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1058-1063 [Abstract] ( 248 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1309 KB)  ( 456 )
1064 Calibration of Low Frequency Accelerometer Based on the Earth‘s Graviation Method
YANG Ming,ZHAO Huan-xing,LIU Zhi-hua,LI He-jia,CAI Chen-guang
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.14
The earth gravity method described in ISO 16063-16 can only be used for static calibration of low-frequency accelerometer sensitivity amplitude, and cannot be used for dynamic calibration of sensitivity amplitude and phase. The machine vision method is adopted to measure the phase of the excitation acceleration and determine that of the output signal of the accelerometer at the corresponding time, and the dynamic calibration of sensitivity magnitude and phase based on earth’s graviation method is accomplished. The rotator provides the excitation acceleration with a constant peak 1g for the accelerometer, which efficiently avoids the influence of the output low SNR of the accelerometer caused by the limited excitation acceleration on the calibration accuracy. Experimental results show the investigated earth’s graviation method can achieve the high-accuracy sensitivity magnitude and phase calibration in the range from DC to 10Hz.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1064-1069 [Abstract] ( 233 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2076 KB)  ( 200 )
1070 Research on Calibration Device Design and Calibration Method of Video Extensometer
FANG Yong-qiang,YU Ze-li,YANG Jun-hong,WEI Kang,MA Xiao-chen,ZHENG Yi,YU Sen
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.15
The video extensometer is used to measure the deformation of the material and needs online calibration and calibration. However, there is there is no guidance of corresponding standards and calibration specifications. An online calibration device of grating extensometer is designed, which is mainly composed of the controller, stepping motor, mechanical transmission mechanism, grating displacement sensor, a display and the composition of board, the calibration on board.The third-party calibration results show that the maximum relative error of the calibration distance is 0.07% (Urel=0.04%,k=2).Technical index of grating displacement: when less than or equal to 1/3mm, absolute error is less than 0.3μm (U=0.1μm, k=2); when greater than 1/3mm, relative error is less than 0.1% (Urel=0.04%, k=2), the technical index is obviously better than the requirements.The device is used to verify the repeatability and stability of the video extensometer, and the uncertainty of the calibration results is evaluated. The results show that the technical specifications of the device can fully meet the online calibration of the video extensometer.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1070-1076 [Abstract] ( 243 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1534 KB)  ( 363 )
1077 Research of a Novel Piezoelectric Drive MotorUsing the Clamping Mechanism
YUE Zhi-han,PAN Qiao-sheng,TAO Sheng-zhi,SHANG Jing-yi,LI Xiao-jie
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.16
A novel clamped piezoelectric motor is proposed to solve the complex structure design problem of the clamped part of the square wave vibration when the traditional clamped piezoelectric motor works in the resonant state. Both the clamping part and the driving part of the motor are driven by a sinusoidal voltage of the same frequency to realize sinusoidal vibration. And the unidirectional output motion of the rotor is realized through the clamping contact between the stator and the rotor. Compared with the traditional clamping piezoelectric motor and the ultrasonic motor, the stator structure design does not need to adopt mode degeneration, which reduces the difficulty of the structure design. The structural parameters of stator and rotor are determined by finite element simulation, and the prototype is manufactured and the experimental platform is built. The clamping part is stimulated by sine wave and square wave respectively, and the waveform comparison of the driving part shows that the sine wave can also achieve the expected effect.The experimental results show that under quasi-static state, when the excitation voltage frequency is 250Hz and the voltage peak value Vp-p is 10V, the step distance is 0.5μm, the stepping speed is 0.13mm/s; under resonant state, when the excitation voltage frequency is 540Hz and the voltage peak value Vp-p is 70 V, the step distance is 32μm,the stepping speed is 16.9mm/s; the motor can achieve cross scale operation by taking into account low-frequency high-resolution and high-frequency high-speed output.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1077-1082 [Abstract] ( 177 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3911 KB)  ( 194 )
1083 Research on Fiber-optical Welding Current Measurement Technology
ZHAO Ye-ming,WANG Xiao-fei,LI Chuan-sheng,SHAO Hai-ming,LI Qi
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.17
In response to the demand for accurate measurement of welding current of DC inverter resistance welding machines, a welding current measurement method based on fiber-optic current sensing technology is proposed.A dynamic model of the closed-loop detection system of a fiber-optic current sensor is established.By optimizing the forward gain of the system, the response speed and bandwidth of the sensor are both improved.The simulation and experimental results show that the rise time of the sensor is about 4.1 μs, and the amplitude-frequency characteristic attenuation is less than 0.3% over the range of DC to 30kHz.Based on the dynamic model, the sensors response to the welding current ripple component is calculated.The simulation results show that the dynamic tracking ability of the system can satisfy the measurement requirements of the ripple current.The fiber-optic current sensor is calibrated by the equal ampere-turn method, and the measurement error of the sensor is better than ±0.05% over the range of DC 5kA to 50kA.The field experiment results prove the feasibility of the fiber-optic current sensor using for DC inverter welding current measurement and field calibration of welding current tester.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1083-1088 [Abstract] ( 191 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2736 KB)  ( 146 )
1089 Error Estimation and Fault Detection of Smart Meter Based on Decision Tree and Clustering Algorithm
SHI Peng-bo,LI Rui,LI Ming-kai,ZHAO Cheng,ZHU Jin-shan
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.18
Aiming at the problem of intelligent watt hour meter fault detection, the low-voltage power system model is studied, and an error estimation method of watt hour meter is proposed.The method uses the decision tree to filter the abnormal data, classifies the data with different loss levels, and then clusters the data to obtain the data sets with different usage behaviors. In addition, the instrument data matrix is established, and the instrument error is calculated by solving the matrix equation. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by an example.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1089-1094 [Abstract] ( 192 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1647 KB)  ( 520 )
1095 Calibration and Uncertainty Analysis of Protective Level X-ray Ionization Chambers
QU Bing-bing,WU Jin-jie,LU Ping-zhou,LI Meng-yu,SONG Fei,ZHANG De-liang,MA Ying-jie,ZHAO Rui
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2022.08.19
The protection level ionization chamber dosimeters are main measuring instrument for radiation protection and need to be calibrated under narrow spectrum series reference radiation qualities. The EGSnrc software was used to simulate the X-ray energy spectrum of the reference radiation quality. The maximum deviations of the spectral resolution and average energy obtained from the analysis and the recommended values of ISO 4037-1 were 7.1% and 1.04%, respectively, which met the specification requirements. Based on the (60~250) kV X-ray air kerma national primary standard, the air kerma at the reference point of 1m from the X-ray tube spot was reproduced under the narrow spectrum series reference radiation quality, and then two transfer ionization chambers were calibrated and transferred by the substitution method.Finally, the PTW-32002 spherical ionization chamber was calibrated by using the air specific release kinetic energy rate at 2.25m reproduced by the transfer ionization chamber, and the corresponding calibration factor was obtained. The relative expanded uncertainty of the calibration factor was 2.2%(k=2).
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1095-1102 [Abstract] ( 254 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1382 KB)  ( 406 )
1103 Recognition of Motor Imagery Electroencephalogram Signal Based on Common Spatial Pattern and UMAP
FU Rong-rong,SUI Jia-xin,LIU Chong,ZHANG Yang
The recognition and classification of motor imaging EEG signals has always been a hot issue in the field of brain-computer research. In response to this problem, uses a manifold learning method that is different from the traditional linear dimensionality reduction method, combine the CSP and UMAP, make full use of the non-linear features in the EEG signal, perform feature extraction and data dimensionality reduction on the motor imagination EEG signal, and use the KNN classifier to classify, and the classification effect is evaluated; The comparison of the data classification results before and after dimensionality reduction illustrates the advantages and necessity of data dimensionality reduction; The performance of dimensionality reduction results in data visualization is further discussed, and it is found that the visualization effect of feature data after data dimensionality reduction is significantly better than that of data without dimensionality reduction. A new EEG signal recognition method based on CSP and UMAP is proposed, which provides reference value for deep analysis of EEG signals and mining of EEG nonlinear characteristics. The angle of data visualization provides new ideas for the recognition of EEG signals in motor imagination.
2022 Vol. 43 (8): 1103-1108 [Abstract] ( 236 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2381 KB)  ( 676 )
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