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2014 Vol. 35, No. 5
Published: 2014-09-22
 
409 New Method of Single Point 3D Coordinate Measurement with Bundle Adjustment
RAN Xian-sheng, ZHU Cai-chao, LIN Li
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2014.05.01
Based on the research correction of multi-image interior orientation and integrated bundle adjustment, a new method is proposed to perform data collection of hand-held probing device by utilization of three cameras simultaneously and to achieve single point 3D coordination measurement by bundle adjustment, resulting in establishment of system hardware. During experiments, the relative accuracy of the new system  is higher than 129 061, compared to the measurement accuracy of the counterpart metrology CMM device. This result is more accurate than that from single camera system or Duo-camera system, and could meet the measurement requirements of industrial products.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 409-413 [Abstract] ( 503 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1947 KB)  ( 761 )
414 Application of Composite Evaluation Method in the Assessment of Three-dimensional Rough Surface
REN Zhi-ying1,2, GAO Cheng-hui1，2，LIN Jian-xing1, SHEN Ding1, HUANG Jian-meng1
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn.1000-1158.2014.05.02
 Engineering surfaces always have fractal characteristics and now a composite evaluation method is proposed in which the dual tree complex wavelet combined with fractal theory. By using the dual-tree complex wavelets approximate translation invariance and good directions, signal is decomposed into a more delicate low and high frequency signals. Meanwhile, according to the invariance of the signals fractal dimension under multi - scale, the fractal dimension of signals is obtained by the use of the autocorrelation image gray value, and the dual tree complex wavelets decomposition scale is verified by calculating the different fractal dimensions between the high and low frequency signals (the fractal dimension distance). The simulation results show that the datum can be well extracted by the use of the composite evaluation method, and the accuracy of decomposition level which is confirmed by the fractal dimension distance is verified by the use of the root mean square value. Two examples illustrate that reference and waviness of the nano-scale three-dimensional rough surfaces which have fractal characteristic can be well extracted by the use of the composite evaluation method, which provides a reliable theoretical basis for the assessment of the actual engineering surface.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 414-419 [Abstract] ( 487 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3348 KB)  ( 624 )
420 Robust Gaussian Algorithm of Surface Roughness for Diaphragm Gas Valve Fitting Face
HU Jia-cheng, CUI Ting, WANG Chan-yuan, SHEN Xiao-yan, LI Dong-sheng
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn.1000-1158.2014.05.03
Surface roughness of diaphragm gas valve fitting face determines its mechanical and physical properties. In order to speed up the evaluation of surface roughness, the fast convolution algorithm of Gaussian filter was derived based on the symmetry of Gauss function. With the means of spectral confocal sensor scanning surface profile of workpiece, the advantages and disadvantages of linear Gaussian filtering, regression Gaussian filtering and robust Gaussian filtering were compared. The results indicate that new robust Gaussian filter can not only solve the problem of boundary distortion, but also eliminate the effects of valley or peak abnormal signals. The evaluation accuracy of surface roughness has been improved.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 420-424 [Abstract] ( 520 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1453 KB)  ( 682 )
425 Characterization of Surface Texture with Spatial Parameters and Its Application on Grinding Wheel Surface with Controllable Grains Arrangement
ZHANG Tao,CUI Chang-cai,YE Rui-fang, HUANG Hui, HUANG Chun-qi
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.04
he optimized controllable arrangement of grains on a grinding wheel can improve its processing properties effectively. In order to characterize the arrangement effect and so as to evaluate the arrangement quality, spatial parameters (5al—fastest decay auto - correlation length, 5tr—texture aspect ratio, 5td—surface texture direction) in the latest 3D surface texture standard IS025178-2 are adopted to analyze the grinding wheel surface. First, the meaning and calculation method of the spatial parameters are studied. Then grinding wheel surfaces with different grain arrangement types are simulated by Matlab and then the application of each spatial parameter on grinding wheels with particular grain arrangement is analyzed. The application is proved to be reasonable as a result, which provides a new method for the test and evaluation of grinding wheels with controllable grains arrangement.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 425-429 [Abstract] ( 682 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1913 KB)  ( 1168 )
430 Improvement of High Precision Automatic V Prism Refractometers
CAO Miao, LIN Yun, SHI Yan, AN Zhi-yong
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.05
 Using CCD imaging and image processing for machine vision automatic alignment technology, considering the air refractive index of V prism refractometer measurement precision influence, and on the basis of principle of V prism refraction instrument original formula to mathematical modeling, an improved automatic V prism refractometer is proposed. Standard sample with known refractive index of glass block for assessing the improved instrument, test results and the calibration value of absolute error is less than ±3 X 10-6，and repeatability is less than 1 X 10-6.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 430-433 [Abstract] ( 596 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (853 KB)  ( 716 )
434 PlaneRadiationSourceModelfor InfraredRadiationThermometerAiming
YUANZun-dong
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2014.05.06
The typical size-of-source effect results of radiation thermometers show that verification result differences between different measurement conditions are possible to be several times of the absolute value of the maximum permissible error of the thermometers. A plane radiation source ( PRS) model for aiming of the thermometers with a definitive measurement condition is presented, the radiation source-preposed aperture method to realize a unique equivalent PRS by the radiation sources with the different cavity sizes, and the technical characteristics and placed distance requirement are also recommended. Analysis shows that an inappropriate cooling from a low temperature radiation source to the aperture leads a measurement result drop which is not neglectable. The experiments adopted the equivalent PRS show the consistent verification results obtained by different-characteristic radiation sources. The problems which would be faced up to when the PRS model is applied and measures are discussed.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 434-439 [Abstract] ( 704 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1655 KB)  ( 921 )
440 Study on Radiant Heat Fluxes Fitting Algorithm in Furnace of Utility Boiler
LIU Fu-guo, YANG Chen-xu
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.07
Design of evaporative heating surface and restriction orifices benefit from measurements and investigations of furnace radiant heat fluxes in coal-fired boilers. A new method of heat fluxes data processing is proposed, the heat fluxes data are converted into fluxes factors basing on the average heat flux of the furnace surface, the heat fluxes factor is a function of relative height of furnace, and in it5 s polynomial regression model, ensuring the sum of squared errors to the minimum is as important as meeting the equality constraint of polynomial coefficients according to the definition of the average heat flux. An improved version of polynomial regression model based on the least squares method is presented accordingly, engineers constantly have similar needs in other problems. The improved regression model was used to analyze furnace heat fluxes data for two types of coal-fired boiler with ordinary combustion technology and air-staged combustion technology. This new regression model based on the least squares method fit the data optimally to meet the intrinsic link between the regression variables.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 440-444 [Abstract] ( 591 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (668 KB)  ( 753 )
445 Application of Enthalpy Probe in Measuring Temperature and Velocity of Thermal Plasma Jet
AN Lian-tong, SUN Cheng-qi,GAO Yang
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.08
To measure the temperature and velocity of the thermal plasma jet, an enthalpy probe system is developed. The enthalpy probe is not only a compensated calorimeter that can obtain the temperature of the plasma through measuring its enthalpy, but also a water-cooled pitot tube that can obtain the velocity of the plasma jet through measuring the stagnation pressure. Due to the advanced manufacture technology, the outer diameter of the probe can be reduced to 3. 8 mm, which significantly improves the sensibility and reliability of the probe. The measurement shows that the probe works safely under the temperature of 8 515 K. The temperature and the velocity of the plasma jet at the nozzle exit are also estimated from the arc power and the torch efficiency and in good accordance with the measuring results of the probe.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 445-448 [Abstract] ( 660 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (326 KB)  ( 767 )
449 Improvements of Anti-strong-vibration Method Combing Digital Filter with Auto-correlation for Vortex Flowmeter
XU Ke-jun,WANG Qin,FANG Min,SHAO Chun-li
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.09
Vortex flowmeter is susceptible to the interference of pipe vibration, which affects on the measurement accuracy greatly. Adopting normal digital signal processing methods cannot obtain the accurate vortex frequencies when the power of vibration noise is larger than that of the vortex signal. Therefore a digital signal processing technique combining digital filter with autocorrelation was proposed to apply the signal processing of vortex flow sensor for extracting the flow rate information from the signal containing strong vibration interference. Aiming at the implementing problems of this method in practice application, the existing system software is improved. The autocorrelation function is calculated by using real number FFT algorithm with assemble language based on MSP430F5418 MGU in order to speed up computation.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 449-454 [Abstract] ( 485 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (435 KB)  ( 963 )
455 A Practicable Method of Measurement for Steam Flow without Restricting Element
SHEN Yong-feng, WANG Xin
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.10
The direct measurement of steam flow is introduced, analysing the theory of measurement, characteristic and the measurement error. Depending on the frequently changed load mode, steam flow was often sharply fluctuated, which induced bigger measurement error. So the indirect flow measurement was put forward, that is to say, steam flow was measured without restricting element. Steam flow was calculated in an actual system by using this measure. Comparing with the actual flow which was measured by flowmeter, the measurement error by flowmeter was bigger even to ten percent, however the indirect measurement was just less than five percent, proving this measure was accurate.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 455-457 [Abstract] ( 522 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (418 KB)  ( 769 )
458 The Structure Research and Finite Element Analysis of Flexible Tactile Sensor for the Detection of Three-dimensional Force
LIU Cai-xia, HUANG Ying, MIAO Wei, CAI Wen-ting, YUAN Hai-tao, CAO Guang-hui
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.11
Based on flexible pressure-sensitive conductive rubber, a flexible tactile sensor with four-electrode symmetrical structure, which has three-dimensional force detection function, is designed. Combined finite element analysis software ANSYS with the Mooney-Rivlin theory of rubber, the strain and stress information of the flexible tactile sensor under the action of vertical force and shear stress is obtained through Finite element analysis. The rationality of the structure of three-dimension force tactile sensor and the mathematical models of calculating three dimension forces was verified by experiment. By using finite element analysis on the materials properties and geometric configuration of force transmission hemisphere, the research indicates that the harder materials and the prolate ellipsoid shape (radius a = l. 5b) can optimize the characteristic of the sensor. It provides the basis for the practical application of the flexible tactile sensor for the detection of three-dimensional force.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 458-462 [Abstract] ( 475 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (909 KB)  ( 727 )
463 Rotary Angular Acceleration Testing and Fitting Modeling of Stepping Motor
ZHAO Hao, FENG Hao
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.12
The motion model of the step motor is introduced, then the developed angular acceleration sensor is used for detecting the actual angular acceleration of the stepper motor on single-step operation, low-frequency continuous operation, low frequency lost step oscillation, high-frequency continuous operation and multiple frequencies operation, the angular acceleration curves are fitted by different functions, and the corresponding mathematical model are received. Finally, the relationship between the stepper motor angular acceleration peak value and frequency of the normal continuous operation are found, it can provides technical support for controller or control algorithm designation of the stepper motor.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 463-468 [Abstract] ( 519 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2887 KB)  ( 527 )
469 Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Method Based on the Local Mean Decomposition and Extreme Points Extension
MENG Zong, WANG Ya-chao, WANG Xiao-yan
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.13
Local mean decomposition shows unique analysis ability when smoothing process the nonstationary, nonlinear fault signal. It can effectively obtain time-frequency characteristics of fault signal. However, the end effect existing in the process of the local mean decomposition seriously affects the signal decomposition result. In order to solve this problem, a method of rotating machinery fault extraction based on the local mean decomposition and extreme points extension is proposed. Firstly, using the method of extreme points extension to process the two endpoints of the signal. The left and right endpoints are respectively extended two maximums and two minimums. Then, using the method of local mean decomposition to decompose the signal with extension, and extract fault features it contains. The simulation results show that, after extreme points extension, the end effect in the process of local mean decomposition have been effectively suppressed. Finally, with the bearing inner race fault as an example experimental study was carried out in experimental platform. The experimental results show that this method can effectively extract the fault characteristics of rotating machinery.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 469-474 [Abstract] ( 440 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1655 KB)  ( 921 )
474 Design on Experimental Platform of the Brake and Anti-skid Braking System for Metro Based on Single Axle Control
YAO En-tao， ZHAO Wen-wen, YOU You-peng， ZHAO Jie
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.14

The anti-skid braking system components based on the piezoelectric valve and train axle control is introduced, and the testing platform of the anti-skid braking system is designed. The temperature compensation of the silicon piezoresistive pressure sensor are researched, in order to meet the needs of stable long-term of outdoor. The velocity sensor based on Hall effect is chosen to measure the speed of the train. The method of characteristic parameters of the fingerprint identification is put forward , and applied to speed sensor of the online fault diagnosis. The piezoelectric valve is also used as the new pneumatic control components and wide ambient temperature applicability of the piezoelectric valve is verified. The speed control system of the gear made it possible for the simulation testing platform to simulate the status of a train. It can simulate train braking, emergency braking, anti-slip protection, fault diagnostics and other functions.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 474-478 [Abstract] ( 525 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (554 KB)  ( 728 )
479 Realization of Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensor Calibration by Reciprocity Method
HE Long-bao,ZHANG Rui-wen, ZHU Hai-jiang, YANG Ping
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.15
The calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors is the premise of achieving acoustic emission quantitative testing technology. In view of electro - acoustic transducer reciprocity principle, the reciprocal constant is calculated to establish a calibration system that applies to the reciprocity of piezoelectric AE sensor Rayleigh wave and longitudinal wave. With specific excitation signal waveform, in accordance with the time delay between the received voltage signal and the excitation current signal, the characteristic values of both signals could be captured accurately. Because of the aperture effect of the sensor, the velocity sensitivity of surface waves is lower than that of longitudinal waves while the sensor operates in high frequency. The uncertainty of reciprocity calibration on the velocity sensitivity of acoustic emission sensors is about 1. 2 dB.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 479-483 [Abstract] ( 698 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2539 KB)  ( 416 )
484 The Study on Comparison of Environmental Magnetic Field Shielding Effectiveness of Rectangular Coil and Circular Coil
DONG Quan-lin, LIU Xue-ping, FAN Yun-qiang, XU Xiao-bin, SONG Ning-fang, ZHANG Chun-xi
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.16
A magnetic shield system composed of three mutually perpendicular coils was studied. Biot - Savart Law is applied to analyze and compare the magnetic field distribution of rectangular shield system and circular shield system with the help of Matlab. The experiment data show that the performance of rectangular shield system is slightly better than that of the circular shield system. The conclusion can be applied in the design of atomic gyroscope, electron microscope and so on.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 484-487 [Abstract] ( 456 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3870 KB)  ( 1091 )
488 Optimization of Detection Coil Senor for the Crude Oil Water Content
CHANG Li, QU Yuan, GE Zhen
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.17
In order to improve the coils sensor sensitivity of the electromagnetic conductivity method to measure the crude oil water content ratio, the distance of the coils sensor which is the key parameter to effect sensitivity is optimized. In the case of the invariants of the optimal frequency and current strength, electromagnetic simulation is done by using ANSYS firstly. The optimal distance 0. 6 m between the two coils is determined with comparing the magnetic field intensity value inside the pipeline of transmitter coil and shield coil. Then the receiving coil voltages are calculated from 0. 1 m to lm by using MATLAB, and then the result shows that largest voltage is at 0. 6 m, the optimal distance can improve the useful signal of the crude oil water content from 0. 03 μν of 0. 1 m or 1 m to 1. 27 μν of 0. 6 m. The sensitivity of the sensor is improved by 41 times. Finally the multi-point voltage values of receiving coil are measured actually from 0. 1 m to 1 m. The experiment result shows the largest voltage is at 0. 6 m, and this proves that the 0. 6 m is the most optimal distance of the two coils, which lays the foundation for the accurate measurement of the crude oil water content ratio.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 488-493 [Abstract] ( 426 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2117 KB)  ( 569 )
494 The Sinewave Fit Algorithm Based on Total Least-square Method with Non-uniform Sampling
LIANG Zhi-guo, ZHU Zhen-yu
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.18
Aiming at the non-uniform sampling series, a four-parameter sine wave curve-fit method is introduced. It is based on the three-parameter sine wave curve-fit method with frequency known. It can attain the four-parameter of sinusoidal curve-fit results with both the uniform sampling series and the non-uniform sampling series. The speciality of the arithmetic is that it turns the optimization of four parameters (amplitude, frequency, phase and offset) into the optimization of one parameter (only frequency) , and without any original parameter estimation. The method has excellent convergence， good robustness, and clearly convergence interval. The validity and feasibility are proved by both simulation and experiments, this method can be applied to the four-parameter sine wave curve-fit with non-uniform sampling series.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 494-498 [Abstract] ( 693 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (8114 KB)  ( 1206 )
500 A Fault Diagnosis Bayesian Network Model for Cement Rotary Kiln
LIU Hao-ran,LI Xuan,MA Ming,LI Shi-zhao
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.19
In order to realize fault diagnosis of the cement rotary kiln, Bayesian Network was used to establish the model of rotary kiln intelligent diagnosis. In the process of building model, an improved Bayesian Network structure learning algorithm was proposed. The improved algorithm requires dataset but doesn51 rely on prior knowledge. Based on the Bayesian Network established by the improved algorithm, Maximum likelihood estimation ( MLE) algorithm and variable elimination method are used to complete parameter study and diagnosis reasoning. To testify accuracy and feasibility of cement rotary kiln fault diagnosis Bayesian Network model, plenty of experiments were conducted with field data.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 500-506 [Abstract] ( 500 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (14486 KB)  ( 369 )
507 Research on the Uncertainty Evaluation of Network Time Synchronization
ZHAO Ke-jia， ZHANG Ai-min
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.20
The LAN NTP experiments based on the network time service system ( NIM) are design and performed by a time and frequency solutions TimeAcc-007 in order to evaluate the uncertainty of network time synchronization. The time offset data of synchronization experiments are analyzed for clients and servers. The mathematical uncertainty model of NTP time offset is established. The uncertainty components, including repeatability of measurements results, reference source of server, server timestamp, client timestamp, round-trip delay of network, are analyzed and evaluated. The data processing algorithms are proposed for improving synchronization precision based on the results of uncertainty evaluation.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 507-511 [Abstract] ( 469 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3311 KB)  ( 533 )
512 Research on Identification Technique for Raw Materials of Matrix Reference Materials of Transgenic Rice
YUXiao-bo,YINGRong,YUXiao-ping,CUIHai-feng,WANGJing,SUIZhi-wei,LILiang,ZANGChao,YEZi-hong
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.21
Based on PGR and agarose gel electrophoresis, the authenticity of identification of transgenic rice KMD 2 and negative receptor Xiushui 11 is researched. The detection of special transgenic gene and other foreign genes in raw materials is by typicality identification. No other foreign genes are detected except special foreign gene Gryl Ab in transgenic rice KMD 2, and no foreign genes is detected in Xiushui 11. Based on fingerprint technology, including Xiushui 11 and KMD 2 there are 20 rice varieties, and the results showed that Xiushui 11 and KMD 2 have the same fingerprint and also be different from other 18 rice varieties. Random sampling for KMD 2 and Xiushui 11，and take special PGR and immunoblotting technique for the selected samples purity, KMD 2 are 100% transgenic rice and Xiushui 11 are 100% negative receptors rice.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 512-516 [Abstract] ( 555 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (803 KB)  ( 446 )
517 Two Approaches on Quantum Mass Standard
LI Chen,HAN Bing, HE Qing,ZHANG Zhong-hua,LI Zheng-kun
DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1000-1158.2014.05.22
Redefinition of the International System of Units ( SI) on the basis of fundamental physical constants is hot issue for metrologists. However some constants determination does not meet the required uncertainty. The research of quantum mass standard is the emphasis and difficult points in the metrology especially. After 30 years developments, the silicon sphere method and the watt balance method have been made significant progress. Nevertheless, the published results still have a magnitude of deviation about 10-7. Two popular approaches on quantum mass standard are made a detailed comparison，it is found that whether Planck constant h or Avogadro constant NA , there would be a long road to explore to eliminate the last artifact unit and it would be inappropriate time to substitute for international prototype kilogram at the present stage.
2014 Vol. 35 (5): 517-520 [Abstract] ( 565 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (840 KB)  ( 698 )
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